The Essential Theoretical Transformations in the Study of Problems in Cyber Society

Document Type : Scientific-Research Article

Author

Assistant Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran

Abstract

Cyberspace events are of the highest importance in social and behavioral sciences because the boundaries of the theory of economics and social sciences change the source of humanity's changing values ​​of nations and the division of human labor. For a long time- more than three hundred years- inspired by Adam Smith, "employment" as the source of wealth and national power, on the one hand, and as a unique tool for the distribution of wealth, on the other, was at the center of all economic and social analyses. But today, the regulation and distribution of employment is not the center of economic measures and policies, and this role has been shifted to the distribution of education and creativity, and consequently, the national supply of power and the distribution of wealth and prosperity and relief. Our principle in analyzing the sociology of issues arising from the advent of cyberspace is the recognition of the presence of machines in the social life; and in response to the six main questions of the issue, which was inspired by John Stern, it has been reflected in thirty-three aspects. The article is concluded with the necessary theoretical shifts around the future without employment. The future without employment, relation of declining employment with technology, reflections on the maturity of automation, the future of limited employment, education of future creative generation, disability of the elderly, and transformation of service sector are the most important topics of essential theoretical transformations.

Keywords

بشیریه، حسین (1384)، تاریخ اندیشه سیاسی در قرن بیستم (2)؛ لیبرالیسم و محافظه‌کاری، تهران: نشری نی.
ریمون بودون (1384)، مطالعاتی در آثار جامعه‌شناسان کلاسیک، ج.2، ترجمه باقر پرهام، تهران: مرکز.
جلایی‌پور، حمیدرضا (1392)، جامعه‌شناسی ایران جامعه کژمدرن، تهران: نشر علم.
حاجی‌حیدری، حامد (1397)، تیپولوژی نظری مسیرها به سمت «فمینیسمهای دینی»، فصلنامه علمی–پژوهشی نظریه‌های اجتماعی متفکران مسلمان،  سال هشتم، شماره اول، بهار و تابستان، 1397: 180 -155.
گیدنز، آنتونی و کارن بردسال (1386)، جامعه‌شناسی، تهران: نی.
 
Adachi, Hideyuki, et al. (2019). Technological progress, income distribution, and unemployment: Theory and empirics. Singapore: Springer.
Aristotle (350BC | 2004). Nicomachean Ethics, Translated and Edited by Roger Crisp, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aronowitz, Stanley (2008). Against Schooling: Toward an Education that Matters, London: Paradigm Publishers.
Aronowitz, Stanley, and William DiFazio (1996). The Jobless Future, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
Athique, Adrian (2013). Digital Media and Society: An Introduction, Cambridge: Polity Press.
Babe, Robert E. (2000). Canadian Communication Thought: Ten Foundational Writers. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Berry, David (2011). The Philosophy of Software: Code and Mediation, London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Blauner, Robert (1964). Alienation and Freedom, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Braverman, Harry (1974). Labour and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century, New York: Monthly Review Press.
Callon, Michel (1998). “An Essay on Framing and Overflowing: Economic Externalities Revisited by Sociology”, in Callon, M. (ed.). The Laws of the Market, Oxford: Blackwell, 245–269.
Campa, Riccardo (2018). Still think robots can´t do your jobb. Essays on automation and technological unemployment. Rome: DEditore.
Castell, Manuel, et al. (2006). Mobile Communication and Society: a Global Perspective: a Project of the Annenberg Research Network on International Communication, Cambridge: The MIT Press.
Collins, H. and Kusch, M. (1998). The Shape of Actions: What Human and Machines can do? Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Duchin, Faye (1984). “Automation and its effect on employment and income”. In E. Collins and L. Tanner (ed.). American Jobs and the Changing Industrial Base, Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing Co.
Frude, Neil (2019). “Technological Unemployment and Psychological Well-being—Curse or Benefit?”, in Peters, M. A., Jandrić, P., & Means, A. J... Education and Technological Unemployment. Singapore: Springer Singapore. Pp.95-114.
Glaeser, Edward (2011). Triumph of the City: How Our Best Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier, New York: Penguin Press.
Gorz, André (1982). Farewell to the Working Class, London: Pluto.
Hayek, Friedrich A. (1976). Law, Legislation and Liberty (Vol. II). London: Roullodgo and Kogan Paul.
Latour, Bruno (2005). Reassembling the Social; an Introduction to Actor-Network-Theory, NewYork: Oxford University Press Inc.
Leontief, Wassily W. (1985). The future impact of automation on workers, NewYork: Oxford University Press.
MacKenzie, Donald and Taylor Spears (2014). “The Formula That Killed Wall Street: The Gaussian Copula and Modelling Practices in Investment Banking”. Social Studies of Science 44 (2014): 393-417.
McLuhan, Marshall, and Eric McLuhan (1988). Laws of the Media: The New Science, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
Mirowski, Philip (2001). Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Rafael, Vicente (2003). The cell phone and the crowd: messianic politics in the contemporary Philippines. Popular Culture, 15 (3): 399–425.
Ritzer, George (2002). “McJobs and the Labor Process.” McDonaldization, the Reader, edited by Ritzer, G. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, pp. 141–47.
Ritzer, George (2002). The McDonaldization of Society, London: Sage.
Rothschild, Emma and Amartya Sen (2006). “Adam Smith’s Economics”, in Knud Haakonssen (ed.). The Cambridge Companion to Adam Smith, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp.319-365.
Shaxson, Nicholas (2011). Treasure Islands: Tax Havens and the Men who stole the World, London: Bodley Head.
Simmel, Georg (1950). “The Metropolis and Mental Life”, Kurt Wolff (Trans.). The Sociology of Georg Simmel, New York: Free Press, pp. 409-424.
Smith, Adam (1762-3 | 1978). Lectures on Jurisprudence, ed. by R. L. Meek, D. D. Raphael, P. G. Stein, The Glasgow Edition of the Works and Correspondence of Adam Smith, vol. 5, Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Smith, Adam (1776 | 1991). An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (Great Minds Series). Prometheus Books.
Sterne, Jonathan (1999). “Thinking the Internet: Cultural Studies versus the Millennium”, in Steven Jones (ed.). Doing Internet research: Critical issues and methods for examining the Net, London: Sage, 257-287.
Zuboff, Shoshana (1988). In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power, New York: Basic Books.